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      <image:title>Blog - What Causes Fussiness and Crying in Infants, and What Helps? - Dr. Harvey Karp is a pediatrician who looked at research done by anthropologists to figure out how to settle crying babies. The problem is, Dr. Karp isnʻt an anthropologist himself, so his Five Sʻs Techniques for calming babies and his Snoo invention, are ideas that were taken out of a hunter-gatherer context and applied in a different social structure and culture in a new way to a less successful effect. Shushing, swaddling, sucking, side-stomach position, and swinging can be helpful at times, but Dr. Karp doesnʻt address cultural differences, what settles infants at various developmental stages, or how evolutionary biology factors into infant needs and responses.</image:title>
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      <image:title>Blog - What Causes Fussiness and Crying in Infants, and What Helps? - According to the Ebers papyrus, ancient Egyptians also gave crying babies narcotics. In this case, opium and “fly dirt which is on the wall” mixed together. Thatʻs fly poop, which contains bacteria and pathogens. The text recommends giving it to the baby for four days but states that it acts at once! The Egyptians were farmers, and we see greater amounts of infant crying in contemporary societies that were hunter-gatherers but recently transitioned to farming, than in contemporary hunter-gatherer societies.</image:title>
      <image:caption>This Egyptian breastfeeding image is from the British Museum, CC BY-SA 4.0 &lt;https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0&gt;, via Wikimedia Commons</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Blog - What Causes Fussiness and Crying in Infants, and What Helps? - Are you getting enough sunlight in your home?</image:title>
      <image:caption>Exposure to sunlight during the day and limiting exposure to light at night can also help infants develop a circadian rhythm.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Blog - What Causes Fussiness and Crying in Infants, and What Helps? - Babies require a lot of holding!</image:title>
      <image:caption>Hunter-Gatherer infants do not have colic. Infants have almost constant skin-to-skin contact. (Note: The photo does not depict hunter-gatherers.</image:caption>
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      <image:title>Blog - What Causes Fussiness and Crying in Infants, and What Helps? - Babies who who were teething or had colic were once given Mrs. Winslowʻs Soothing Syrup. It was created in 1849 by a physician. The magic ingredient? Morphine. Sometimes it quieted babies for good when desperate parents gave them too much. Drooling can start as early as 3 months for non teething reasons, but the first teeth usually erupt between 5-7 months.</image:title>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61fde3d378f5b0602e708be9/16a2ced7-22da-406f-ac2b-f737eb13ff36/Gripe_water.jpg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Blog - What Causes Fussiness and Crying in Infants, and What Helps? - There are lots of products marketed to help ease gas pains in infants, none of which has been proven effective.</image:title>
      <image:caption>Woodwardʻs Gripe Water was introduced in 1851 mainly to help with infant gas pains. Early gripe water recipes contained alcohol, sugar, sodium bicarbonate, and herbs. Today, gripe water sold in the U.S. doesnʻt contain alcohol since we now know that can cause developmental problems. Some still contain sugar, which is questionable. Sodium bicarbonate is an antacid, but most fussiness isnʻt attributed to stomach acid.</image:caption>
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      <image:loc>https://images.squarespace-cdn.com/content/v1/61fde3d378f5b0602e708be9/4f5b641c-e5a5-453d-92a2-30bf7aa07ea1/512px-Malt_Rainier_Tonic_%281913%29_%28ADVERT_42%29.jpeg</image:loc>
      <image:title>Blog - What Causes Fussiness and Crying in Infants, and What Helps? - This advertisement from 1913 is for a beer that was marketed to both moms and their babies. It was advertised as “recommended by your physician.” Many doctors at that time believed that it was okay to give alcohol directly to infants (and it was in gripe water), which we now understand to be harmful.</image:title>
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      <image:title>Blog - What Causes Fussiness and Crying in Infants, and What Helps? - Bakers weighing their baby, an advertisement for "Boulangère" chicory. Chromolithograph by L. Olivié, ca. 1890.</image:title>
      <image:caption>Is the baby getting enough to eat? It is certainly possible that a fussy baby is hungry, however, not all crying, rooting, and sucking means a baby is hungry. Babies like to suck for comfort, and because it helps them go to sleep. When they suck their body releases a hormone that makes them sleepy. Babies also cry when put down because they want to be held.</image:caption>
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